tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37425917843460765432024-03-13T03:25:54.930-04:00Tenement Museum BlogWelcome to the Tenement Museum's blog about Museum news, immigration, history, and New York City.
When commenting on the blog, 1. Stay on topic.
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7. Do not publish materials that violate copyright.Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.comBlogger697125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-16176684052364160362012-08-23T16:10:00.001-04:002012-08-23T16:10:20.528-04:00We've Moved!After more than four years, the "Notes from the Tenement" blog has moved! Please visit us at <a href="http://www.tenement.org/blog/">http://www.tenement.org/blog/</a> for the latest posts. You can continue to visit this address to view past articles as well. Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-29203969582458586732012-08-13T14:32:00.002-04:002012-08-13T14:32:49.439-04:00Shopping for HistoryThe historic shops at 97 Orchard Street were busy places, crammed full of people and goods. To recreate these environments for our "Shop Life" exhibit, we've done a bit of shopping ourselves, collecting historic objects to help us tell stories from dating all the way back to the 1860's.<br />
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Kathleen O'Hara, Collections Manager and Registrar, recently revealed some of these objects. Here are some of the highlights:<br />
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<b>Iroquois war club, Schnieder's Saloon</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqOobQF46uItz32_r6e_wsGvjycAjZn6Io6nwp1XzOOpRGzKVyUPZKVvO0wUQBbIiPkciJc_Cvp-OUYOHpL7dnSS9Z4UD1wjrKWIcvcY4j8vk4YrwEziwYdwHic1JF_uWfXEAPBCay6Ak3/s1600/Iroquois+war+club.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqOobQF46uItz32_r6e_wsGvjycAjZn6Io6nwp1XzOOpRGzKVyUPZKVvO0wUQBbIiPkciJc_Cvp-OUYOHpL7dnSS9Z4UD1wjrKWIcvcY4j8vk4YrwEziwYdwHic1JF_uWfXEAPBCay6Ak3/s400/Iroquois+war+club.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">We know that, in the late 19th century, 97 Orchard Street resident and shopkeeper John Schneider was a member of the Improved Order of Red Men, a fraternal organization that modeled many of its practices after Native American customs. </span>The Red Men were known to dress in feathered headdresses, apply paint to their faces and collect artifacts associated with Native American culture. While Native Americans would have used this type of club as a weapon, for members of the Order of Red Men like John Schneider, this would have been a souvenir and symbol of the fraternity.<br />
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<b>Beer barrel, Schieder's Saloon</b></div>
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhESO_MAODtNVW9FMHOGnwmvSld27wwwbRm3HcXQxJJLNxD9ok6RfYpYgS9cEeS-KIXTQhtbOcFqDQ1oFfko2lIvQTX1L83ZG9suGQ-0CX9wRC5zk9PeWcart5aawtEKevfh4SH_nN26vwG/s1600/Barrel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhESO_MAODtNVW9FMHOGnwmvSld27wwwbRm3HcXQxJJLNxD9ok6RfYpYgS9cEeS-KIXTQhtbOcFqDQ1oFfko2lIvQTX1L83ZG9suGQ-0CX9wRC5zk9PeWcart5aawtEKevfh4SH_nN26vwG/s400/Barrel.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></div>
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What would a German saloon be without a beer barrel? Nineteenth century German saloons were family-friendly gathering places on the Lower East Side. While beer may have been the main attraction for parents of both sexes, whole families gathered in saloons like the one at 97 Orchard Street to enjoy home cooked meals and a lively atmosphere after a long day.<br />
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<b>Sash and bundle of sticks, Schnieder's saloon</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9q2S3CJ5Oryr_jVJgVsFKQHxIGnbHxib3Ug5FZBO9a7DqaA_GXU1T7J9aP6A0HnCMqLkYJpwwxRYL3JmMSjAD_Kde9_s9gdzUMggqRZTwvob1bL6yyz-0sBo2-gyySR-fSGqTAwDLcqhM/s1600/Sash+and+sticks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9q2S3CJ5Oryr_jVJgVsFKQHxIGnbHxib3Ug5FZBO9a7DqaA_GXU1T7J9aP6A0HnCMqLkYJpwwxRYL3JmMSjAD_Kde9_s9gdzUMggqRZTwvob1bL6yyz-0sBo2-gyySR-fSGqTAwDLcqhM/s320/Sash+and+sticks.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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These objects are part of the regalia associated with the Oddfellows, another fraternal organization that congregated in the back rooms of saloons on the Lower East Side. The sash is made of velvet with intricate beaded designs. The bundle of sticks is a symbol which can be traced to ancient Roman concepts of strength and unity.</div>
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<b>Trading Cards</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlu2f1j2IJkK7inBIX2Pw3vsmlT76Xj4wTPbZYra-RnQ4ctrPThzYHxIB3yvmkHGwJ3LEc5sdRBRvH_vm1p4mpooWYoPvgL7D3NymsV8k6yOdfBOSEA-g_kkTpSnAu3ZwXrH8F8ReCZa60/s1600/IMG_1438.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlu2f1j2IJkK7inBIX2Pw3vsmlT76Xj4wTPbZYra-RnQ4ctrPThzYHxIB3yvmkHGwJ3LEc5sdRBRvH_vm1p4mpooWYoPvgL7D3NymsV8k6yOdfBOSEA-g_kkTpSnAu3ZwXrH8F8ReCZa60/s400/IMG_1438.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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These trading cards from 1934 were manufactured by the Schutter Johnson Candy-Corp. Collectors of all 25 designs could trade the cards in for various prizes such as a baseball mitt, a wristwatch, or roller skates. Cards depicting a detective, a policeman, a jockey, a hunter, a sailor, and an athlete are included in the Tenement Museum’s collections. </div>
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<b>Microphone, Max Marcus' Auction House</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkwcXvHBTaKWn_Tkwm3R7UTXIYsJ_d-XdtwbTeDslK37eQdPFCJVO1xgiLkU1QjTztYLo8Dy0RM7PJhTZJwql5sR9I4nKXxbX2HuQjZr0mdjyoZpBhZ4IRKPBoAvMZ2xPDSFRsyt6yUrD1/s1600/mic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkwcXvHBTaKWn_Tkwm3R7UTXIYsJ_d-XdtwbTeDslK37eQdPFCJVO1xgiLkU1QjTztYLo8Dy0RM7PJhTZJwql5sR9I4nKXxbX2HuQjZr0mdjyoZpBhZ4IRKPBoAvMZ2xPDSFRsyt6yUrD1/s400/mic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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A microphone like the one above would have been used by auction-house owners like 97 Orchard Street’s Max Marcus. The microphone, when plugged into a radio, would broadcast the auctioneer’s voice throughout the room. In this image of Marcus' crowded auction house from 1933, we can imagine that it might have been hard to hear Max’s voice even with the microphone!</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiednS9IlZjksD7UUaWy4M_oHdtYwaq9w0Ls_6iqtHlmAM-8jpjyh9jn6Aqzp2DAZAxBVYVmZo5qXjuV7dPyRdIsFxUNS4-nuBqbp5ydMQdux8laH93bRQy7RnCsWOLcDlfg2pdP8_fRuKo/s1600/mweb-2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiednS9IlZjksD7UUaWy4M_oHdtYwaq9w0Ls_6iqtHlmAM-8jpjyh9jn6Aqzp2DAZAxBVYVmZo5qXjuV7dPyRdIsFxUNS4-nuBqbp5ydMQdux8laH93bRQy7RnCsWOLcDlfg2pdP8_fRuKo/s320/mweb-2.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Undergarments, Sidney's Undergarments</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvhcurp6py5MwPBb2UjkWQlh4oo1c37diD14-UIX4B2F6FNFrs3iXeYJXswxac54kSwyApRpweF3Vx2taW3pZaKW9RwTHhfBoVcrk4lJYbws9uoIilE19tZeAkOiICZRVUkzThPdbGv0Yb/s1600/mweb-1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvhcurp6py5MwPBb2UjkWQlh4oo1c37diD14-UIX4B2F6FNFrs3iXeYJXswxac54kSwyApRpweF3Vx2taW3pZaKW9RwTHhfBoVcrk4lJYbws9uoIilE19tZeAkOiICZRVUkzThPdbGv0Yb/s400/mweb-1.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div>
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In the 1970s, the Meda family started their own business in the basement of 97 Orchard Street selling ladies undergarments, called Sidney Undergarments Co. These colorful underwear were given to the Museum by the Medas themselves. While these objects will not be on display for Shop Life, they give the curatorial team insight into the styles and prints that were popular at the time.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtUDWJEL8t-W4-pcd68Oa6aKvGkRrI64J3G4SDSdP5wY1iS_C3f85P78UXXI2tK1aKK_vY3thcu0Ixziv7-fiwQd7A-56jp4z0QG8mGAnMKGSP844HPmm35VnlpiGduj0n8bgo3aJaLNOS/s1600/Undergarments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtUDWJEL8t-W4-pcd68Oa6aKvGkRrI64J3G4SDSdP5wY1iS_C3f85P78UXXI2tK1aKK_vY3thcu0Ixziv7-fiwQd7A-56jp4z0QG8mGAnMKGSP844HPmm35VnlpiGduj0n8bgo3aJaLNOS/s400/Undergarments.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
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This is just a fraction of the cool items we have as part of our "Shop Life" collection. We'll keep you posted as we get closer to the exhibit's opening on October 1! </div>
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-- <em>Posted by Ana Colon</em></div>
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<br />Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-24619895146638413752012-08-02T12:57:00.000-04:002012-08-02T12:57:23.570-04:00Home Remedies from Back in the Day<br />
Summer might bring great weather and shorter work hours, but it can be pretty rough on our bodies. Despite modern medicine and simple solutions found at the local drugstore, sometimes you can’t prevent falling under the weather.<br />
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Instead of (or in addition to) Theraflu and Hall's, some people treat their maladies with old school cures passed down from their abuelas and bubbies, or further up the line from their ancestors. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7eU8MIbqrZ6ju-VYDSnQx3rRmlD82ZFHO5DyqVneoio1eEDw5cEEIdt_ud-Bl6cYN4rjaads200M1G7NJrsW7OqGFJTuGfyq7V5IUmk1DqSoPWpTmOO9YwFmxyrP9yuAkrR9om3Wyn_rV/s1600/index-1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7eU8MIbqrZ6ju-VYDSnQx3rRmlD82ZFHO5DyqVneoio1eEDw5cEEIdt_ud-Bl6cYN4rjaads200M1G7NJrsW7OqGFJTuGfyq7V5IUmk1DqSoPWpTmOO9YwFmxyrP9yuAkrR9om3Wyn_rV/s320/index-1.jpeg" width="234" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image Courtesy New York Public Library</td></tr>
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If you flip through <em>The First</em> <em>Jewish-American Cookbook</em>, published in 1871, you'll find a section dedicated to household cures for pesky seasonal illnesses. Here’s what Mrs. Esther Levy, the author of the book, suggests for our summer woes:<br />
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For that cold that sneaked up on you:<br />
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“Bathe the feet in warm water; if feverish, take a glass of hot milk with a tablespoonful of the best whiskey and a tablespoonful of lime water, sweetened with sugar; and in the morning, fasting, one tablespoonful of castor oil in milk. Be careful about exposure next day.”</blockquote>
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For that cramp you got after getting lost on your way to a subway station:<br />
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“Stretch out the heel as far as possible, and at the same time draw the toes as much as possible towards the leg; it will give relief.”</blockquote>
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For those mysterious mosquito bites you wake up to every morning:<br />
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“Put into a glass or basin of cold water, one ounce of alum, a handful of salt, and two tablespoonfuls of vinegar; run it on at night, and let it dry in the flesh.”</blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIoqejDOL3_TPToVgWCJNLRpYOrGfV7VDSO1ZzOmpdhjsJVofQismTHe_vzwtokA1ZWjFPx9XyYBXe4WZVzBExOyE9X3y6jSCEITWgt2uTE0nDQVJ_dAVoVL1JF1YYW4KpDAJDGXR7oyIi/s1600/index.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIoqejDOL3_TPToVgWCJNLRpYOrGfV7VDSO1ZzOmpdhjsJVofQismTHe_vzwtokA1ZWjFPx9XyYBXe4WZVzBExOyE9X3y6jSCEITWgt2uTE0nDQVJ_dAVoVL1JF1YYW4KpDAJDGXR7oyIi/s320/index.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image Courtesy New York Public Library</td></tr>
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Feeling inspired by any of these Jewish-American remedies? Were you taught any special cures like these from an elder in your family? Tell us in the comments!<br />
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<em>-- Posted by Ana Colon</em><br />
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</div>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-6314904342835581012012-07-31T12:00:00.000-04:002012-07-31T12:15:45.758-04:00A Shop Comes to Life at 97 OrchardIt's been exactly two months since we posted our last update on the "Shop Life" exhibit, and things are moving along quickly! The dust, plywood and <a href="http://tenement-museum.blogspot.com/2012/04/cache-of-relics-revealed-during-shop.html">puzzling artifacts</a> have been removed; in their place a gleaming new space is emerging on the ground floor at 97 Orchard Street. <br />
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Everything--from paint color to floor finish and hardware--has been carefully selected to represent the era accurately. The finish work is being overseen by r<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">estoration craftsman and all-around Renaissance man Kevin Groves.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPvduStl0hveixuv57wSlnmk1SdbzD0YNxVWHUcpewDy1EXMYaWdW9sWTKfHzVApfrWbTFAYvJ3Xo2bpcMAS23YKrwzc3KVGVil6bFjpIfFFCMwZnfoIEBz0QmxWgqZn3NPFlXN66b9Y0/s1600/FloorFinishing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPvduStl0hveixuv57wSlnmk1SdbzD0YNxVWHUcpewDy1EXMYaWdW9sWTKfHzVApfrWbTFAYvJ3Xo2bpcMAS23YKrwzc3KVGVil6bFjpIfFFCMwZnfoIEBz0QmxWgqZn3NPFlXN66b9Y0/s400/FloorFinishing.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>Kevin Groves at work</em> </span></td></tr>
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We'll be furnishing this space to re-create John and Caroline Schneider's German beer saloon, which served up lager and lunch in the 1870's. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQB2dvCDOvreTKj9bm7SW5GmfHMuGyUTY5zXWccD7SkASmbbnLpuhhdS6LSF3UcYiIiA3bFxW9FGY8lZp6WnvxTagZouJ6RtHrxsc3h8A76gJjQkXEZUZtVHghUWAsgA79odKgtN9n5tBa/s1600/Schneiders7.12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQB2dvCDOvreTKj9bm7SW5GmfHMuGyUTY5zXWccD7SkASmbbnLpuhhdS6LSF3UcYiIiA3bFxW9FGY8lZp6WnvxTagZouJ6RtHrxsc3h8A76gJjQkXEZUZtVHghUWAsgA79odKgtN9n5tBa/s400/Schneiders7.12.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>The once and future Schneider's saloon</em></span> </td></tr>
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Next, Kevin's constructing built-in furniture, starting with the bar and back bar. Once these are complete, Curator Pam Keech will begin filling the space with the objects that bring it to life--including expertly crafted <a href="http://tenement-museum.blogspot.com/2011/12/faux-feast.html">faux food</a> and carefully selected <a href="http://tenement-museum.blogspot.com/2011/05/gathering-objects-for-shop-life-part-2.html">historic artifacts</a>. <br />
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"Shop Life" is scheduled to open this October--we hope you'll join us for a tour!<br />
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<em>-- Posted by Kira Garcia</em>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-9229721914520924212012-07-26T16:40:00.000-04:002012-07-26T16:40:48.821-04:00A Room With a [Legally Mandated] View: Housing Laws at 97 Orchard<em>This post explores the legislation behind the design of tenement houses, and how changes in regulations can be seen at 97 Orchard Street. The Tenement Museum's “Hard Times” tour visits two apartments occupied during different periods of tenement house legislation— before and after the New Law of 1901.</em> <br />
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97 Orchard is a pre-“Old Law” tenement, which means it was constructed before the passage of Tenement House Law of 1867 (the “Old Law”). This was the first law of its kind, listing requirements for adequate living conditions within tenement buildings. <br />
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In 1901, the “New Law” requiring vast changes to buildings like 97 Orchard Street, (called “dumbbell tenements,” because of their shape), in an effort to improve the health and safety of residents. Dumbbell tenements were built for maximum occupancy, not for quality. Their structure was simple: four 325-square-feet apartments per floor, three rooms per apartment, and a window that wouldn’t necessarily let in much light or air. The Gumpertz family occupied their second story apartment from 1870 to 1883, just prior to the passage of the New Law, so they wouldn't have enjoyed the resulting upgrades. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>The Gumpertz family resided at 97 Orchard Street prior to the "New Law" upgrades </em></span></td></tr>
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These reforms targeted specific (and unpleasant) aspects of tenement life, such as lack of ventilation and light, and sanitation of bathrooms. The New Law of 1901 meticulously described how every inch of a tenement house should look and function. The result was greatly improved ventilation, sanitation, and safety.<br />
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Here are a couple of the law's key provisions. They make distinctions between pre-existing buildings (like 97 Orchard) and new construction:<br />
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<strong>Chapter III “Light and Ventilation”, Title I, Section 67: Rooms, lighting, and ventilation of</strong>.— <em>In every tenement house hereafter erected every room, except water-closet compartments and bathrooms, shall have at least one window opening directly upon the street or upon a yard or court. (New Law, 29)</em></blockquote>
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<strong>Chapter III, Title II “Provisions applicable only to now existing Tenement Houses”, Section 79: Rooms, lighting, and ventilation of, continued</strong>.— <em>No room in a now existing tenement house shall hereafter be occupied for living purposes unless it shall have a window upon the street, or upon a yard no less than four feet deep, or upon a court or a shaft of no less than twenty-five square feet in area, open to the sky without roof or skylight, or unless such room has a sash window opening into an adjoining room in the same apartment said sash window having at least fifteen square feet of glazed surface, being at least three feet by five feet between stop beads, and at least one-half thereof being made to open readily. An alcove opening of no less dimension than said sash window shall be deemed its equivalent</em>. (New Law, 33)</blockquote>
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Does this sash window sound familiar? If you’ve visited the Baldizzi’s apartment, right next to the Gumpertz’, you might have noticed that there's one over the kitchen table. The Baldizzis occupied this apartment between 1928 until 97 Orchard closed in 1935. It showcases the physical changes required by the new law. After paying a visit to the Gumpertz’, the Baldizzi’s apartment is noticeably more airy and better lit. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">The "New Law" required interior windows like this one in the Baldizzi kitchen.</span></em></td></tr>
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If you exit the Baldizzi apartment and look down the hallway to your left, you’ll see another important upgrade--a bathroom. They're not pretty, but these inside toilets were a significant upgrade from the outhouses set up in the yards behind tenements. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sure, it's humble, but it's better than an outhouse!</span></em></td></tr>
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In the 1930's, housing laws required further upgrades that proved too costly for some landlords, so many buildings, including 97 Orchard, were closed rather than renovated. In 1935, the residents of 97 Orchard were evicted, and the tenement closed its doors to residents for the last time. <br />
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<em>-- Posted by Ana Colon</em>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-33954544622233756742012-07-24T13:03:00.000-04:002012-07-24T13:05:19.655-04:00Coney Island, Through the Photographer's LensLike generations of New Yorkers and tourists before me, I made my annual summer pilgrimage to the Coney Island Boardwalk two weeks ago to eat a hot dog at Nathan’s, smell the salty air and take in the sights. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Steven Harrington, <i>Wonder Wheel</i>, 2012<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Coney Island didn’t always look the way it does today, though. In the same way that historians at the Tenement Museum use photographs to re-construct apartments at 97 Orchard Street, we can use photos to learn about the Coney Island of the past. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jacob A. Riis, <i>Playing by the Water, </i>1895<br />
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Jacob Riis, one of the pioneering social activists of the mid-nineteenth century, took this image of children playing at the Coney Island beach in 1895. At the time this photograph was taken, cameras were heavy and required cumbersome equipment, like the detachable flash--which had only recently come to the United States from Germany. But on his trip to Coney Island, Riis could do without the flash and other components, relying on the natural light of a sunny day at the beach. <br />
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The image’s clarity and suffusion of light is notably different from Riis’s better known images, those of tenement life. However, like in his photos of the tenements, the children seem unaware or disinterested in the photographer in their midst, concentrating on collecting driftwood and splashing in the waves.<br />
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The children’s modest beach attire is a stark contrast to the scantily clad figures captured by another famous portrait photographer, Diane Arbus, sixty years later. Like Riis, Arbus was interested in capturing ordinary people, often those who were socially marginalized, in ordinary moments. Arbus, however, focused on capturing and analyzing her subjects’ psychological states.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diane Arbus, <i>Two Girls in Matching Bathing Suits, Coney Island, N.Y., </i>1967<br />
Image courtesy of the Museum of Contemporary Photography</td></tr>
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In this image, “Two Girls in Matching Bath Suits,” from 1967, the girls’ shared bathing suit accentuates their different attitude towards Arbus as photographer, and us as the viewer. The girl in the left of the frame faces the camera head on, tilting her head coyly, while the girl at the right turns her body away from the camera lens, pursing her lips in contrast to her companion’s slight smile. These young women, unlike the children in Riis’s photo, are aware of the photographer’s presence—and are clearly responding to it. </div>
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Two of Arbus’s more well-known images are currently on display in the <em>Naked Before the Camera</em> exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.<br />
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Images like Arbus’s and Riis’s inform historians’ understandings of not only what places like Coney Island looked like but also the attitudes of people at that time towards their environments and the arts.<br />
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<i>-- Posted by Hilary Whitham</i>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-79066098023569167622012-07-19T12:58:00.000-04:002012-07-19T12:58:51.215-04:00Humans of New York: Turn of the Century Edition<a href="http://www.facebook.com/humansofnewyork">Humans of New York</a>, a self-proclaimed “photographic census of New York City”, has become a social media sensation over the past few months. Brandon Stanton, the photographer behind the ambitious project, captures residents and visitors of the five boroughs, highlighting their diversity in dress, heritage, hairstyle, and attitude. This unofficial record of the ever-changing face of New York City isn't the first photography project to document the people that roam New York City.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img align="absmiddle" alt="[Serbian Gypsies.]" border="0" height="336" src="http://images.nypl.org/index.php?id=418043&t=r" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="View Enlarged Image" width="400" /></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i> Augustus Sherman,"Serbian Gypsies", ca. 1906; </i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i> Image Courtesy New York Public Library </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
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In the early 20th century, as large waves of immigrants were coming to New York to start new lives in a promising country, Augustus Francis Sherman photographed newly arrived immigrants as they passed through Ellis Island to officiate their entrance into the United States. He worked as the Ellis Island Chief Registry Clerk, and probably began taking these photographs at the request of the Commissioner of Immigration for the Port of New York at Ellis Island at the time, William Williams. Now in the trustworthy hands of the New York Public Library, these pictures once graced the pages of National Geographic (1907) and the walls of the lower Manhattan headquarters of the Federal Immigration Service.<br />
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While these portraits give us an idea of what people looked like as they entered their new lives in a strange country, it is very possible that they were partially staged by Sherman. Some subjects might have been detainees, while others might have changed into their finest garments—generally reserved for holidays or special occasions—in order to up the portrait’s theatricality. In any case, they offer a rare but impressive insight into the real faces of the people that would come to shape our nation at the turn of the century (many of them settling on the Lower East Side of New York City!)<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i>Augustus Sherman,"Albanian soldier", <br />1906-1914; <br />Image Courtesy New York Public Library</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i>Augustus Sherman,"Guadeloupean woman", 1911;<br />Image Courtesy New York Public Library</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img align="absmiddle" alt="[German stowaway.]" border="0" height="300" src="http://images.nypl.org/index.php?id=418057&t=r" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="View Enlarged Image" width="228" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i>Augustus Sherman,"German stowaway", ca. 1911;<br /> Image Courtesy New York Public Library </i></span></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i>Augustus Sherman, "Alsace-Lorraine girl", <br />ca. 1906;<br />Image Courtesy New York Public Library</i></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i>Augustus Sherman, "Dutch children", ca. 1905-1914; <br />Image Courtesy New York Public Library</i></span></td></tr>
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<i>-- Posted by Ana Colon</i></div>
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<br /></div>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-1720965868622595092012-07-18T10:54:00.001-04:002012-07-18T10:54:50.039-04:00All About Mel Brooks: A Q&A with film historian Leonard Quart<br />
<i>This post was written for the Museum of Jewish Heritage’s <a href="http://mjhstaff.blogspot.com/">Blog From Battery Place</a>, and <a href="http://mjhstaff.blogspot.com/2012/06/all-about-mel-brooks-q-with-film.html">originally published</a> on June 14, 2012, in anticipation of their <a href="http://www.mjhnyc.org/melbrooks/">free weekly screenings of classic Mel Brooks films</a>. The staff interviewed film historian Leonard Quart, who offered some insight into Brooks’ Jewish humor and overall relevance as a comedian. This summer film series is ongoing every Wednesday night until August 8, and tickets are available on a first-come, first-served basis. </i><br />
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In advance of our free summer film series, which will showcase the work of Mel Brooks, we took the time to interview film historian Leonard Quart, who will introduce the festival.<br />
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MJH: What about Mel Brooks’ humor is quintessentially Jewish?<br />
Quart: In all his films Brooks incorporates Jewish motifs. Among other elements, he utilizes a constant use of Yiddishisms, reference to his Jewishness and gentiles, and a sense that his comedy relieves the pain of historical intolerance, and being a social outsider.<br />
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MJH: Do Brooks' films continue to push the boundaries of good taste?<br />
Quart: Yes, he can be vulgar, scatological, and outrageous. But for me, his films are too innocent, even sweet-natured to draw blood, even though Brooks believes "comedy is when you walk into an open sewer and die."<br />
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MJH: Is he still relevant?<br />
Quart: How do we define comedy's relevance? If it's able to make us laugh, escape our lives, and, at its best, make astute sharp social and psychological points, it's relevant. I wouldn't say all of Brooks’ work meets those criteria, but he does meet some of them.<br />
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MJH: What is your favorite Brooks' film? What’s your favorite line?<br />
Quart: My favorite films are Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein. Most of Mel Brooks’ funniest lines are profane, so I will say that one of my favorite (non-profane) lines is something Brooks said himself that is apt: “Humor is just another defense against the universe.”<br />
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MJH: In what ways does Brooks' comic style and vision differ from Woody Allen's?<br />
Quart: That's a big question. To be honest, Allen, in his middle period (e.g. Manhattan and Annie Hall) was the more controlled, stylistically rich, and gifted director. And his works then seamlessly combined the comic and pathetic, with characters who had internal lives, and weren't merely cartoons. Brooks is the more manic and anarchic, and can evoke belly laughs that Allen rarely does. Both engage in social criticism, though Brooks' use of pop culture makes his work broader and less subtle. For a time, these two Brooklyn products, who did stand up comedy, and wrote for Sid Caesar, were, albeit in different ways, the two best American directors of comedy.<br />
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<i>-- Originally posted by Betsy Aldredge for the Museum of Jewish Heritage</i>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-23360299941892457922012-07-12T12:21:00.000-04:002012-07-12T14:15:27.430-04:00Tenement Talks Presents: Eat the City!<a href="http://robinshulman.com/">Robin Shulman</a> became interested in food at age 17, when she witnessed how a garden transformed her own community on 4th Street in Manhattan. Once a destination for heroin addicts, the corner of Shulman’s street became “<a href="http://www.booksforbetterliving.com/2012/06/eat-the-city-stories-of-urban-food-raising/">a small working farm</a>” after her neighbors fenced off the area and planted vegetables and herbs. This renovation was part of a larger, long-established trend of urban gardening, and Shulman wanted to learn more. Her research on local food and its production comes together in <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Eat-City-Foragers-Beekeepers-Winemakers/dp/0307719057">Eat the City: A Tale of the Fishers, Foragers, Butchers, Farmers, Poultry Minders, Sugar Refiners, Cane Cutters, Beekeepers, Winemakers, and Brewers Who Built New York</a></i>, which explores the rich history and innovative present of local food growers in New York City.<br />
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On July 19th, Schulman will host a group of local food producers for a <a href="http://www.tenement.org/vizcenter_events.php">Tenement Talk</a> titled "Eat the City: Taste and Talk with Robin Shulman". And of course, we'll be tasting some of the foods we talk about. To save your spot at the Talk, you can reserve tickets <a href="https://webformsrig01bo3.blackbaudhosting.com/10819/page.aspx?pid=196&tab=2&txobjid=254b5779-b136-4d69-9c5c-40551265240b">here</a>.</div>
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This panel, represents a small but diverse cross-section of New York’s rapidly expanding local food scene. Here’s a little background on each of the event's participants:</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Image courtesy the New York Times</em></td></tr>
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<a href="http://andrewshoney.com/The%20Beekeeper.html">Andrew Cote</a> is a fourth-generation beekeeper who has dedicated himself to spreading his enthusiasm for beekeeping and local honey in New York and <a href="http://www.beeswithoutborders.org/index2.html#programs">around the world</a>. His signature product, Andrew’s Taste-Bud Bursting Local Wildflower Honey, is available at Greenmarkets around the city. He also runs <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/nyregion/connecticut/30colct.html?_r=2">Silvermine Apiary</a> in Connecticut. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2dopYRSixjfT_dPwbOxf6dFQFC3jJ9V44H1iazrdog8z7KOYdssKhbERaBLmHtZVL7Ingv9Pw6AUtXvOk0BvR9lhI62xJA2MUlVqbUg9n-adnWqmXaP9GvMR5LI6ubxODrOIAhthqaC0e/s1600/20100108kellytaylorheartland.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2dopYRSixjfT_dPwbOxf6dFQFC3jJ9V44H1iazrdog8z7KOYdssKhbERaBLmHtZVL7Ingv9Pw6AUtXvOk0BvR9lhI62xJA2MUlVqbUg9n-adnWqmXaP9GvMR5LI6ubxODrOIAhthqaC0e/s200/20100108kellytaylorheartland.jpeg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Image courtesy Serious Eats</em></td></tr>
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Kelly Taylor first began brewing beer in his college dorm room. He's now the brewmaster at <a href="http://www.heartlandbrewery.com/">Heartland Brewery</a> and the founder of<a href="http://www.beerhelps.net/"> Kelso of Brooklyn</a>. He has been known to experiment with nontraditional ingredients, including ancho peppers, licorice, and <a href="http://drinks.seriouseats.com/2010/02/a-pint-with-kelly-taylor-brewmaster-for-heart.html">chocolate cake</a>. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Image courtesy ITVS</em></td></tr>
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Imran Uddin is the butcher at <a href="http://madanihalal.com/">Madani Halal</a>, a shop that was founded by his father in Queens (halal is Islamic dietary law.) Madani is somewhat unique: the entire butchering process takes place in full view, thus customers have the opportunity to witness their poultry or cow be slaughtered. Madani has been profiled by <a href="http://www.seriouseats.com/2011/12/inside-look-halal-slaughterhouse-madani-queens-what-is-halal.html">Serious Eats</a> and was featured in the Independent Lens documentary <i><a href="http://www.itvs.org/films/sons-sacrifice">A Son’s Sacrifice</a></i>.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_G8uurhA6Qn7Ek7kNxZarQYam2BXi5hlHiRnC8260EAbLlx_745VaEWjONGutkO3RNr6yXEtVzzOM-PbDgXnuN_pxasOa2ikkQGP3JoKvB-dC4p0ziUBpuf_U-3dTrHpiKYPrz0B6gtN/s1600/marvy.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_G8uurhA6Qn7Ek7kNxZarQYam2BXi5hlHiRnC8260EAbLlx_745VaEWjONGutkO3RNr6yXEtVzzOM-PbDgXnuN_pxasOa2ikkQGP3JoKvB-dC4p0ziUBpuf_U-3dTrHpiKYPrz0B6gtN/s200/marvy.jpeg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Image of Ian Marvy courtesy the Red Hook CSA</em></td></tr>
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In the summer of 2003, Ian Marvy and Michael Hurwitz (now the director of GreenMarkets) decided to transform an abandoned baseball field into an urban garden. Thus the <a href="http://www.added-value.org/the-farms">Red Hook Community Farm</a> was born, with the support of <a href="http://www.added-value.org/">Added Value</a>, an organization that has worked to combat issues of food justice in Red Hook for over a decade. The farm is a center for neighborhood and youth involvement, education, service-learning, and, of course, locally grown fruits and vegetables. </div>
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<i>-- Posted by Natalie Fine</i><br />
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<br /></div>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-78360763585916715772012-07-11T10:15:00.001-04:002012-07-11T13:05:53.807-04:00Ilse Bing's New YorkIlse Bing is one of the many remarkable photographers included in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Short History of Photography</i>, an
exhibition currently on view at the International Center for Photography (ICP).
Born in Germany, Bing was an immigrant herself, moving to New York City from
Paris in 1941. Bing was drawn to the immigrant communities on Manhattan’s Lower
East Side, and many of her images capture the same stories we tell at the
Tenement Museum. <o:p></o:p><br />
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Bing was an innovator of her time, and became an expert with the Leica, a revolutionary 35mm hand-held camera that enabled photographers to capture fast-moving events. One of the photographs she took during her time in the United States, "New York. El and Straw Hat", is included in the exhibition at ICP. It showcases Bring’s interest in both the urban landscape and the figure.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoWrh1m1qMu745V-xG0aywZdmvMNPbP0jTR85IwJ4pwhj3hpnOGIQUvwzm6lBo7H39VWpYEeGyZYVyQlzXUFMBiyTUQ49V95wNnWbJRwobcbzZ5DszESzZ-AdDK030NV-SA2-pCWOHRApw/s1600/Bing_Whitham1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoWrh1m1qMu745V-xG0aywZdmvMNPbP0jTR85IwJ4pwhj3hpnOGIQUvwzm6lBo7H39VWpYEeGyZYVyQlzXUFMBiyTUQ49V95wNnWbJRwobcbzZ5DszESzZ-AdDK030NV-SA2-pCWOHRApw/s400/Bing_Whitham1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ilse Bing, "New York. El and Straw Hat", 1936; Image Courtesy the University of California, San Diego</span></em></td></tr>
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During her time in New York City, Bing met the influential artist, critic and gallerist, Alfred Stieglitz. Stieglitz advocated for a more abstract style of photography, and his influence is clear in some of Bing's images. In "New York. El and Straw Hat", Bing interpreted the city skyline as graphic elements, highlighting the contrast between the upright pillars of the sky scrapers and the long horizontality of the elevated subway track. She described the New York City skyline as a unique blend of natural and mechanical forms, saying, “[The skyline is] like crystals in the mountains, little things grown up.”<br />
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One can also see Bing’s interest in the social realism that predominated in American photography at that time. In "Italians Playing Cards", Bing draws on earlier images of members of Stieglitz’s circle including Edward Steichen and Paul Strand, both of whom documented the immigrant communities on New York City’s Lower East Side in the 1890s and 1910s. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ilse Bing, "Italians Playing Cards", 1936; Image Courtesy the Victoria and Albert Museum </span></em></td></tr>
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Photographs like Bing’s – in addition to being beautiful – are excellent tools for Tenement Museum researchers and curators as they work to recreate the tenement apartments at 97 Orchard Street. Everything from the type of crates these gentlemen are sitting on to the cut of their jackets are clues for material culture historians.<br />
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If you are interested in New York City history or photography, check out <a href="http://www.icp.org/">"A Short History of Photography" at the ICP</a>. It's a wealth of notable and beautiful images!<br />
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<em>-- Posted by Hilary Whitham</em><br />
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For more information on Ilse Bing, check out the Victoria and Albert Museum’s website: <a href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/ilse-bing-biography/">http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/ilse-bing-biography/</a>.Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-47726767546339085912012-07-06T11:33:00.000-04:002012-07-06T11:33:37.306-04:00Teachers Go Back to School at the TenementRecently, we welcomed a group of local teachers to “Becoming American: Using Food Culture to Teach Immigration,” A professional development workshop helping teachers introduce the theme of immigration into the classroom. Organized in conjunction with the New York Public Library, “Becoming American” focused on immigration and food—one of our favorite themes! Teachers got a sneak peek at the NYPL’s new <a href="http://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/lunch-hour-nyc-0">“Lunch Hour NYC”</a> exhibit in the morning, then made their way to Orchard Street for our <a href="http://tenement.org/tours.php?tour=neighborhood-walk">“Foods of the Lower East Side”</a> walking tour. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>An image from the "Lunch Hour NYC" exhibit</em></span> </td></tr>
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Director of Education Miriam Bader explains that these programs are part of an effort to create relationships between the Museum and teachers that bring their students to visit. “Our goal is really two-fold; it’s both to support teachers on a personal level so they can learn more about this period of history, but it’s also for them to get tips, techniques, strategies, and content that they can then bring back to their students.” </div>
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Teachers participate in tours and programs that their students would participate in if they were to visit the Museum, also receiving a wide range of resources, from pictures to census records, which “help create the setting of what life was like in the Lower East Side neighborhood 100 years ago,” said Miriam.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo2d-Eh6Qg0zxLRmzbzF4xV6oP7orMhOV2ZtJbtDcAwhmKP12vbICUk1v_FpqxJ2R-RcWGD5J5NPg_IVhffkeucf9meb6LtfaQLTOqIlAxpIMWt5kwLh-bv2Uh4uzxpzg_qY5cb4ofDq-8/s1600/PROFDEV1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo2d-Eh6Qg0zxLRmzbzF4xV6oP7orMhOV2ZtJbtDcAwhmKP12vbICUk1v_FpqxJ2R-RcWGD5J5NPg_IVhffkeucf9meb6LtfaQLTOqIlAxpIMWt5kwLh-bv2Uh4uzxpzg_qY5cb4ofDq-8/s320/PROFDEV1.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">Workshop participants at Economy Candy--a stop on our "Foods of the Lower East Side" tour</span></em></td></tr>
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The Tenement Museum’s partnership with the New York Public Library is “a perfect marriage” according to Miriam. The Library has an impressive online collection accessible to teachers from their homes, and the Tenement Museum has 97 Orchard Street, an exhibit space that brings our collections to life and puts history in context. In the past, the Tenement Museum has also teamed up with the Museum at Eldridge Street, the National Parks Service, and Facing History for Professional Development Workshops covering a wide range of topics including discrimination, cultural adaptation, and immigrant culture as a whole. <br />
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On August 7th and 8th, the Museum is planning a special two-day Professional Development Workshop titled “The Democracy Walk,” which will focus on the idea of citizenship, from its origins in the birth of the United States to how it changed as the nation grew. Participants will visit Federal Hall and the African Burial Ground, followed by a stop at the Tenement Museum, where the group will consider how the meaning of immigration and citizenship has evolved since the 17th century. However, the Museum knows how difficult it is for teachers to sacrifice two glorious summer days (we like our vacation, too!). So this particular workshop comes with a $100 stipend. For more information on “The Democracy Walk” workshop, or other programs offered by the Education department, check out <a href="http://tenement.org/education_workshops.php">their page on our website</a>! You can sign up to receive emails about future workshops on the same page. For more information, you can also email our Group Services Manager Harrison Rivers <a href="mailto:hrivers@tenement.org">hrivers@tenement.org</a>.<br />
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<em>-- Posted by Ana Colon</em> <br />
<br />Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-88807957729776713202012-07-03T12:37:00.000-04:002012-07-03T13:01:55.129-04:00The American Dream: Past, Present, and Future<em>“The American dream, that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement…”</em><br />
-- The Epic of America, James Truslow Adams <br />
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What is the “American Dream,” exactly? We use this phrase a lot, but seldom pause to take a closer look at it. James Truslow Adams popularized the now-ubiquitous term in his book <em>The Epic of America, </em>published in 1931. (And yes, I’m also surprised that the term “the American Dream” is a relatively recent addition to our vocabulary.) <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSI1b4XG31jHdZqujJK8jZNKAskazgcH5mLge9ixAgB1F0h8Ao6rUennbvDSxUREy-UT6Z7lPtPAkUR2uesUFW1H2ywRxidCdkEp_V6OmIMvuaUmEe5xSa6xsEEuLYHIYpgcJ0LxOXB3hM/s1600/EpicOfAmerica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSI1b4XG31jHdZqujJK8jZNKAskazgcH5mLge9ixAgB1F0h8Ao6rUennbvDSxUREy-UT6Z7lPtPAkUR2uesUFW1H2ywRxidCdkEp_V6OmIMvuaUmEe5xSa6xsEEuLYHIYpgcJ0LxOXB3hM/s1600/EpicOfAmerica.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Epic of America<em> by James Truslow Adams, 1931</em></span></td></tr>
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Different people have different definitions of this phrase. To some, it means “making it big” or “striking it rich.” To others, it’s associated with “intangible ideals like freedom of expression, freedom of religion, optimism and family ties.”* Still others think the American Dream is now a myth; an unattainable goal that’s overly idealistic.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh7qAWMMzGrq79wvp1zb1mtIZL3lIZdPFMu22uMN-fVcZFUGuZOzC1QSx33j3nu4Ni2z0_03MOay04_tNTzG1IgDBHW6gC7HS50cwhiL3CKBwrY6pwpEX-NC10oLMyaHxG7y6zfixQTJYa/s1600/ScarfacePosterGb250811.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh7qAWMMzGrq79wvp1zb1mtIZL3lIZdPFMu22uMN-fVcZFUGuZOzC1QSx33j3nu4Ni2z0_03MOay04_tNTzG1IgDBHW6gC7HS50cwhiL3CKBwrY6pwpEX-NC10oLMyaHxG7y6zfixQTJYa/s400/ScarfacePosterGb250811.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<em>Poster from the 1983 film </em>Scarface<em>: “He loved the American Dream. With a Vengeance”</em></div>
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The American dream is often understood to mean that each generation will do better than the previous one and that with hard work, anyone can improve his or her economic situation. But after the worst recession in almost a century, is the American dream still achievable? Burdened by debt and an uncertain future due to the faltering economy, many Americans find their dreams more and more elusive. For some, the dream has become a nightmare, or “the American dream in reverse,” as President Obama describes.<br />
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A recent study by the Pew Economic Mobility Project Poll, "Economic Mobility and the America Dream,” revealed some interesting--and surprising--statistics:<br />
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• 70% of Americans believe the American dream is still “very much” or “somewhat alive.” <br />
• 37% of the surveyed people said that s/he will achieve the American dream in their lifetime and 31% indicated that s/he have already achieved it.<br />
• 59% of American parents say they think it will be “somewhat” or “much” harder for their children to achieve the American dream.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr6VfmX-l1wgm8v8W-k2kp9jc9uzFfXGRGmALbhnefWUN6MHtJeSmvxUYMrLM-JmbXdEIiFAHeWvAZnM_HFJRK1ty8gkmtxC5O11ZR0svvFXpehbxhyXyywBbxUAKGjRMK1p00KFYix8Ye/s1600/AmDrm50.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr6VfmX-l1wgm8v8W-k2kp9jc9uzFfXGRGmALbhnefWUN6MHtJeSmvxUYMrLM-JmbXdEIiFAHeWvAZnM_HFJRK1ty8gkmtxC5O11ZR0svvFXpehbxhyXyywBbxUAKGjRMK1p00KFYix8Ye/s400/AmDrm50.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: small;">Advertising the American dream in the 1950's...</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirYIzGQAT4TbG5yFZvbc7oKftctQfmlEd-MOkbSkvNVaY6WiTN8cXtm42UBtP1GHuCOetqZ5L5HA2WBrtTHRbP003XZ2bx6SpdDtJSigtYcWDBmitjfcxaZW4rHSn9uMuK5i2BQuyrwj8n/s1600/AmDrmtoday.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirYIzGQAT4TbG5yFZvbc7oKftctQfmlEd-MOkbSkvNVaY6WiTN8cXtm42UBtP1GHuCOetqZ5L5HA2WBrtTHRbP003XZ2bx6SpdDtJSigtYcWDBmitjfcxaZW4rHSn9uMuK5i2BQuyrwj8n/s400/AmDrmtoday.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: small;">...And today</span></em> </td></tr>
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Please share with us: What is your American dream? Has it arrived yet? Is it still achievable? Is it a myth, reality, nightmare or simply a sales pitch? We’re curious to hear your responses. <br />
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<em>-- Posted by Lokki Chan</em> <br />
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* From National Public Radio: "<a href="http://www.npr.org/2012/05/30/153942166/sizing-up-the-american-dream">Sizing Up The American Dream</a>"<br />
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<em>For further reading on this subject, check out:</em> <br />
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• <a href="http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2009/04/american-dream200904">Rethinking the American Dream by David Kamp, Vanity Fair, April 2009</a> <br />
• <a href="http://www.pewstates.org/projects/economic-mobility-project-328061">Pew’s Economic Mobility Project</a> <br />
• <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2009/01/obama-its-like/">Obama: ‘It’s Like the American Dream in Reverse’ by Huma Khan </a>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-80743690638336574402012-06-28T13:16:00.002-04:002012-06-28T13:16:35.427-04:00Greetings from New York<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Summertime made an impressive entrance this year with a serious heat wave. Nonetheless, we're excited for the sunshine and well-deserved rest that comes with the most highly anticipated season of the year! </div>
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Some of you might be planning on jet-setting across the globe, across the country, or across county lines, taking pictures and sending messages to friends and family about what you've seen and done. </div>
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These days, smart phones kill two birds with one stone, performing both simultaneously. But nothing beats the old-time charm of a postcard. </div>
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Here are a few that captured our fair city in days gone by. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWhLpTI1xQOzLYdBQcJRs0dAOpsL2zVqM8u8T9fP6J-ag1nxJWOWsSkv-XmEPr_zyshM9ftnDItgGUYskJqyh-Uqw_wHxKwUF44YuyEhrwEigAzo6uggs_Y-40hSzVBXQ2HrqmzCekK-q/s1600/index-1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWhLpTI1xQOzLYdBQcJRs0dAOpsL2zVqM8u8T9fP6J-ag1nxJWOWsSkv-XmEPr_zyshM9ftnDItgGUYskJqyh-Uqw_wHxKwUF44YuyEhrwEigAzo6uggs_Y-40hSzVBXQ2HrqmzCekK-q/s400/index-1.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Courtesy the New York Public Library</em> </td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicrEuaPb4yzPu7Q-OCoUYtM3XGnmIdxqQ47gQYd8LWihvCGyit0kTl4XeKfwhavswMe-vPtuRr-zv1sKA91Hc5EjHZ3JgUtXbGp00HtS1r4WH7d20-EZ_XRFROZ5-453m7J0ZOEPX57KyR/s1600/index-2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicrEuaPb4yzPu7Q-OCoUYtM3XGnmIdxqQ47gQYd8LWihvCGyit0kTl4XeKfwhavswMe-vPtuRr-zv1sKA91Hc5EjHZ3JgUtXbGp00HtS1r4WH7d20-EZ_XRFROZ5-453m7J0ZOEPX57KyR/s400/index-2.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Look familiar? Essex and Hester Streets are right here in the LES</em>!<br />
<em>Courtesy the New York Public Library</em> </td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMQoHu2mUsjZNMtTE1DnLJ3jP13bxNQj-m3mK__Qmm8bic6JHp7DlNXuCFBf9ILLS_aSkAI_dGWx4ZGjOeqTImHE2ZeTrZnZLSK8v2ZhlEdP1MqMoBBxVClEIyZ8OXvoa-67Q93RsZSAqO/s1600/index-3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMQoHu2mUsjZNMtTE1DnLJ3jP13bxNQj-m3mK__Qmm8bic6JHp7DlNXuCFBf9ILLS_aSkAI_dGWx4ZGjOeqTImHE2ZeTrZnZLSK8v2ZhlEdP1MqMoBBxVClEIyZ8OXvoa-67Q93RsZSAqO/s400/index-3.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Even in the early 20th century, you couldn't escape the traffic on Broadway.</em><br />
<em>Courtesy the New York Public Library</em> </td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt3AXG4uMQnWQ8NbAG0BHrIdQBtBCv2f4YQDGfeBbqslwkjWuRbZ6_3MLyF4qzNSpO0_r-pMMxbsmU6mnGmJ19ROwHHbS8a-AWh_aGte-tG05ybrG9rubCt6bdiNm-vAiAbhZo5RfxCOyd/s1600/index-4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt3AXG4uMQnWQ8NbAG0BHrIdQBtBCv2f4YQDGfeBbqslwkjWuRbZ6_3MLyF4qzNSpO0_r-pMMxbsmU6mnGmJ19ROwHHbS8a-AWh_aGte-tG05ybrG9rubCt6bdiNm-vAiAbhZo5RfxCOyd/s400/index-4.jpeg" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Times Square has grown a bit since the 1910's.</em><br />
<em>Courtesy the New York Public Library</em> </td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9cQRjrZqX_hTYCwLQr07PU-vb0y5Itb1zcDAPfFUPuL0Rx_vxCNQL-DDL5XxhTV6Bp6F4fFzR8ISIYDekFTYMTNlhaO4sPUVGX16eQGUoetxFjqa4-4KrATBWiBKby0vrBv1G5wo5UUlg/s1600/index-5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9cQRjrZqX_hTYCwLQr07PU-vb0y5Itb1zcDAPfFUPuL0Rx_vxCNQL-DDL5XxhTV6Bp6F4fFzR8ISIYDekFTYMTNlhaO4sPUVGX16eQGUoetxFjqa4-4KrATBWiBKby0vrBv1G5wo5UUlg/s400/index-5.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>The author of this message is enjoying New York, but heat waves must have been awful in those outfits!</em><br />
<em>Courtesy the New York Public Library</em> </td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7t6Ff2iD3jKldOYpfEEQC-h_CMHH3vJ3CbnJnilRoH4B-AM4bCycIXuchEtfsrLyAEK9MZYcYo3G2gAECUklDenApM73lOvO-3TihOlCOjguXUbIjISxjKkSYWmPPkUsurv8wkYFjOQI1/s1600/index-6.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7t6Ff2iD3jKldOYpfEEQC-h_CMHH3vJ3CbnJnilRoH4B-AM4bCycIXuchEtfsrLyAEK9MZYcYo3G2gAECUklDenApM73lOvO-3TihOlCOjguXUbIjISxjKkSYWmPPkUsurv8wkYFjOQI1/s400/index-6.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>"New York: The Wonder City"— some things never change.</em><br />
<em>Courtesy the New York Public Library</em> <br />
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<em>-- Posted by Ana Colon</em>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-33422392188624511172012-06-26T14:41:00.000-04:002012-06-26T14:41:17.961-04:00The Lower East Side on Film: The Fortune WriterThe Lower East Side has been inspiring artists, writers and filmmakers for years, so it should come as no surprise that there's an annual <a href="http://lesfilmfestival.com/">Lower East Side Film Festival</a> located right here in the neighborhood. <br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">In 2011, <a href="http://www.thefortunewriter.com/"><em>The Fortune Writer</em></a> won the
festival's prize for Best Dramatic Short Film Selection. </span>This film answers a question that often lingers after a meal at Chinese restaurant— who is the author of those concise but eternally wise thoughts inside our fortune cookies? Kirby, the film's protagonist, takes his responsibility as a fortune writer seriously, and observes diners during their meal in order to craft fortunes specific to their character. <br />
<br />Standing behind the swing door that separates the busy kitchen from the dining area of the restaurant, he quietly watches people as they interact with one another, in order to speak to them (and their individual situations) through the small piece of paper. The plot thickens when Kirby has the opportunity of his life to write a fortune for a woman he becomes transfixed by… Suspense!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnbr-EnADyN2939tq6YZeoCshSxFgSjWvWwu3HBnYCQkdECnYkNmfg0AMjbNLV5MXLHI7mN5QaHnhDTRQI3ZgHxYVr6qRjwS9shoDuxiZWPeqf9izUSLS1pvvIgdX51o5hgP9vEfpZi6s/s1600/fortunewriter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgnbr-EnADyN2939tq6YZeoCshSxFgSjWvWwu3HBnYCQkdECnYkNmfg0AMjbNLV5MXLHI7mN5QaHnhDTRQI3ZgHxYVr6qRjwS9shoDuxiZWPeqf9izUSLS1pvvIgdX51o5hgP9vEfpZi6s/s400/fortunewriter.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A still from <em>The Fortune Writer </em></td></tr>
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<br />In just eight minutes, we’re exposed to what lies behind those fortunes, and how Kirby reaches out to strangers through those brief messages that come with their checks. Maybe not all Chinese restaurants have a writer-in-residence exclusively for their fortune cookies, but it’s a sweet idea!<br />
<br /><a href="http://vimeo.com/18966965">Click here to watch <em>The Fortune Writer </em>on Vimeo</a>. <br />
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-- <em>Posted by Ana Colon </em><br />
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<br />Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-61255462957457344672012-06-21T12:55:00.003-04:002012-06-21T12:55:36.554-04:00A Family's Work<em>As you may know, construction workers are busy creating "Shop Life", a new exhibit at the Tenement Museum which will trace the commercial history of 97 Orchard Street. Educator Abigail Ladd found surprising commonalities with the Lustgarten family, who operated a family-owned kosher butcher store in our building in the early 20th century.</em> <br />
<br />As an Educator at the Tenement Museum, I draw from my personal experiences to tell the stories of the former residents of 97 Orchard. Though they lived in different times, under different circumstances, some things are universal: we all struggle to do the best we can with what we have and try to enjoy it along the way. <br />
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I can't help but relate to our upcoming exhibit “Shop Life”, which tells the stories of families who lived and ran businesses at 97 Orchard Street.<br />
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Raised on a hilltop in Vermont, my four siblings and I gave up city life when my parents decided to start a green energy construction company (way before green was cool). Since birth we were unpaid labor (It’s not called a family business for nothin’). <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgoI3gfRokFyxkXH0lfRvDacqQQS5bGhyphenhyphenPAhgFNpLAS1T_i06_fErivL6vAS5IGsu7DEH_tXZOH1RMZqPm8ryCW51Q4-fgXyYNDPHXseeN163gPRjkuM46gQ3SjH_mvhene6tFs4WzX5a/s1600/LaddFamily95.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgoI3gfRokFyxkXH0lfRvDacqQQS5bGhyphenhyphenPAhgFNpLAS1T_i06_fErivL6vAS5IGsu7DEH_tXZOH1RMZqPm8ryCW51Q4-fgXyYNDPHXseeN163gPRjkuM46gQ3SjH_mvhene6tFs4WzX5a/s400/LaddFamily95.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>The author (in red) and her family at home in 1995</em></td></tr>
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My first job at the ripe old age of five was messenger, relaying information from my mother in the house to my father in the ‘Shop’, with or without clothes on. At six, I knew my father’s pager number by heart and could forward him numbers. As technology progressed, we were one of the first families with a computer at home. My father graduated from pager to car phone and eventually a cell phone, which became the bane of my existence. Even now there is not a lot of cell service in Vermont, but back then there was only one location on our fourteen acres to receive a call...the head of my bed. My father was up at five and on the phone by five-thirty most days orchestrating things from the corner of mine and my sister’s bedroom. I learned to sleep through anything. <br />
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Most memorable was the Christmas Eve when my father and mother packed the entire family in two cars (we couldn’t fit in one) and drove us to a construction site. One of my father’s customers called the day before informing him that he and his family were going to drive to their second home for Christmas Day and asked everything be finished ahead of schedule. Thankfully, everything was finished, but not cleaned. Instead of calling in ‘the guys’ who had the day off, it being Christmas Eve and all, my parents used the labor readily accessible to them - us. I remember complaining to my mother - what else would you expect from a thirteen year old.<br />
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“This is child labor!” I exclaimed.<br />
“Yup. Why do you think we had so many of you?” She said flatly. <br />
It was a joke that was recycled by both my parents over the years and when we asked for pay for our efforts they would ask us a series of questions: <br />
“Do you live in our house?” <br />
“Yes.” <br />
“Do you eat our food?” <br />
“Yes.” <br />
“Are you a member of this family?” <br />
“Yes.” <br />
“Well, there you go.” <br />
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As a kid, this was incredibly annoying. As an adult, it was an invaluable training in how to be a member of a community, not just a family community, but a larger community as well. <br />
I think of this when I think of the Lustgarden family’s butcher shop once located at 97 Orchard Street. Though it was 1902, I’m sure similar conversations happened in the small apartment located behind their shop. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFEtHxhuNyur8zT_fHPlQwbKfRpwVNi09WTy9_pawDbhVhMcMYuMbXnqnLL484awwPz5w9l_S9ia1BHQaqR5NLpi9zD1Slc8sLDxiuBc9vcIrHpTfmzgNtOvts-pjYzcRyFhq5g_g3NrLS/s1600/Lustgarten+Family+c+1887.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFEtHxhuNyur8zT_fHPlQwbKfRpwVNi09WTy9_pawDbhVhMcMYuMbXnqnLL484awwPz5w9l_S9ia1BHQaqR5NLpi9zD1Slc8sLDxiuBc9vcIrHpTfmzgNtOvts-pjYzcRyFhq5g_g3NrLS/s400/Lustgarten+Family+c+1887.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>The Lustgarten family c.1887; All members of the family--even five year old William--have donned aprons, ready to be called into work at any moment... </em><br />
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The Lustgardens’ daughter Rebecca had to cook and clean in a hot, stuffy tenement, the smell of raw meat drifting through, while her younger siblings went on to higher education and her parents cajoled her with the phrase: “You do what you do for family.” Or William coming home from a long day at school with piles of homework to find a line running right out the door of the ‘Shop’ and being enlisted, whether he likes it or not, to help out behind the counter. Or the arguments between Israel and Goldie about life and work, which probably sounded much like my parents. <br />
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My mother always chastised my father for all the labor he did for neighbors free of charge, but when something broke at home she had to get someone else to fix it. My father always wanted to spend more money on his motorcycle than on household essentials.<br />
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If people are people are people, then families are families are families, no matter their race, religion, creed, or immigration status. Communities are built not by the streets bordering them, but by the people in them--the people who work downstairs and live upstairs or across the street. Families are the atoms of society, building the communities they live in and, eventually trickling up or down or maybe even sidewaysto form a culture. <br />
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-- <em>Posted by Abigail Ladd </em>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-55175623993563282082012-06-18T16:13:00.002-04:002012-06-18T16:13:32.920-04:00Surviving Summer in the City<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
We've already had a taste of hot weather here in New York this spring, prompting city dwellers to switch on the air conditioning and grab whatever's coldest in the refrigerator. </div>
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Of course, heat rises, so those who live on upper floors are especially in need of these 21st-century remedies for summer weather. But the tenement dwellers of the past didn't have these luxuries. In the early days, tenants couldn't even access water without making a trip to the communal faucet in the back yard. <br />
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In July 1895, the <em>New York Times </em>proclaimed it was so hot that "few ventured to walk in the streets," and tenement dwellers suffered particularly. Public health campaigns focused on the city's most vulnerable residents, advising mothers to take special care with infants in over-heated tenements. Some children were even admitted to a "floating hospital" on a barge, where temperatures were cooler. <br />
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But New Yorkers are resourceful folks who have always found tricks for beating the heat. Steam boats took thousands of New Yorkers to the Rockaways and Coney Island for swimming and ocean breezes. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOErxZfkvqFXZEDj0_QKpbIdMsybAQNWQTsCm3yo5bdMOBRuOEPKh0g1aOoMZDrGvdHZm-v_XTmh2EGfMZRAq4P2LDKP9uU0-1lmnB9O1sSPXoyggd1S9n8yxnwO7WmOP_6Cq7lEoFgLw_/s1600/coney2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOErxZfkvqFXZEDj0_QKpbIdMsybAQNWQTsCm3yo5bdMOBRuOEPKh0g1aOoMZDrGvdHZm-v_XTmh2EGfMZRAq4P2LDKP9uU0-1lmnB9O1sSPXoyggd1S9n8yxnwO7WmOP_6Cq7lEoFgLw_/s400/coney2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Cooling off at Coney Island, early 20th century; Image Courtesy New York Public Library</em></td></tr>
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New Yorkers also made their way to the city's rooftops to escape their airless apartments. While wealthier folks enjoyed meals in the elaborate rooftop restaurants at the Waldorf Astoria and Ritz Carlton Hotels, tenement dwellers sought relief atop their own buildings, or at humbler public gathering spaces like the Lower East Side's Seward Park Library. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Girls embroider while woman reads aloud at Seward Park Library's rooptop reading room c.1910; </em><br />
<em>Image courtesy New York Public Library</em></td></tr>
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On the hottest nights of the year, some city dwellers hauled bedding upstairs to the roof, or onto a fire escape, and settled down to sleep in the open air. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpJLZG7wb42zH-ZPwE0yGP3KTaHmwbCruzjq0t4BldV2WxLr9X4jfC_KhnO4r93tScVfOg7V1F6nWGHaAC9PWX6jOva5gLxQFoEys-pDDZyQ58huryMLAcH2ui8w_lcevIzf7TucDDrDKG/s1600/sleepingroof1882.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpJLZG7wb42zH-ZPwE0yGP3KTaHmwbCruzjq0t4BldV2WxLr9X4jfC_KhnO4r93tScVfOg7V1F6nWGHaAC9PWX6jOva5gLxQFoEys-pDDZyQ58huryMLAcH2ui8w_lcevIzf7TucDDrDKG/s640/sleepingroof1882.jpg" width="441" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>"The recent "heated term" and its effect upon the population of the tenement districts A night scene on the East Side", August 1882; Image courtesy Library of Congress</em> </td></tr>
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This practice wasn't just confined to working-class neighborhoods; a 1908 <em>Times </em>article reported that many of the city's "writers, sociologists, charity workers, and even a number of its well-to-do business men [are] spending the hot nights in the open air." Among them was famed singer Alma Webster-Powell, who converted the roof of her Brooklyn home into a "star parlor" with a "Bewildering array of rugs, hammocks, cushions and easy chairs". <br />
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Other families went a step further, setting up long-term camp sites in the Rockaways as affordable summer homes. The <em>Times </em>reported that this was a "healthy, free life, such as cannot fail to promote health and happiness for the youngsters...Tent dwellers spend at least 3 hours a day in the water when the weather is fine and there is not too much surf." <br />
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--<em> Posted by Kira Garcia</em> <br />
<br />Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-65498024139758856812012-06-12T12:09:00.002-04:002012-06-12T12:10:09.131-04:00Great Question: Which objects belonged to the Baldizzis?<em>Questions posed by our visitors lead to great conversations. Occasionally, we'll post a great question that's frequently asked, along with the answer, to give you a bit of back story on our exhibits.</em><br />
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<strong>Which objects in the Baldizzi apartment actually belonged to the family?</strong><br />
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Some of the most precious objects in our collection are displayed in the Baldizzi apartment. Unlike other families we talk about, we were lucky to have a first-person link to the Baldizzi family through former resident Josephine Baldizzi. Josephine shared her family's story with us, giving a detailed account of her life in our tenement. <br />
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The Baldizzis were generous with objects as well as stories, so among the period-appropriate housewares that we've gathered from other sources, we also have family heirlooms on display in the Baldizzi home. <br />
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Among these precious objects are three monogrammed dishtowels--you can see them hanging from an improvised laundry line in the Baldizzi apartment below.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0RF3lyarK4wVeWZ-avvSGoldcjxAnYRjwREIfkOFZw20JxJiHnk4KmJktj2nT1XomP7wwSoUNihSWymKT-w7ZB1JnUoxM8yEgR7Q8IT4GzRj1VfGwTfElHwu4yqKbnBc55IzfDHjCLo-U/s1600/Baldizzi+kitchen+-+Keiko+Niwa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0RF3lyarK4wVeWZ-avvSGoldcjxAnYRjwREIfkOFZw20JxJiHnk4KmJktj2nT1XomP7wwSoUNihSWymKT-w7ZB1JnUoxM8yEgR7Q8IT4GzRj1VfGwTfElHwu4yqKbnBc55IzfDHjCLo-U/s400/Baldizzi+kitchen+-+Keiko+Niwa.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>The Baldizzi kitchen</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTdlONp7vUyrteW9qCDE90FJVE5vNdOBf9haFg1ajK1ftgKBvn38Mdnf7Qv_fz-u4r29JYtM9oCj95UcBq_OUfWTUM8H4aDIN2jU0t8EekJlb9QaIDtikOgmqUfjfztDXXufxutek15QpK/s1600/baldizzi_towels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTdlONp7vUyrteW9qCDE90FJVE5vNdOBf9haFg1ajK1ftgKBvn38Mdnf7Qv_fz-u4r29JYtM9oCj95UcBq_OUfWTUM8H4aDIN2jU0t8EekJlb9QaIDtikOgmqUfjfztDXXufxutek15QpK/s320/baldizzi_towels.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Baldizzi family heirlooms on display</em></td></tr>
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These towels once belonged to Josephine's mother, Rosaria, who emigrated from her native Sicily as a very young woman in the 1920's. The embroidered monogram "R.M." stands for Rosaria Mutolo, her maiden name. They were precious possessions, among the few things that Rosaria was able to carry with her across the ocean on the long journey to her new life. <br />
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We're also fortunate to have a handful of other objects that once belonged to the Baldizzis, including some other textiles, cookware, and a box of Linit laundry starch. On our Hard Times tour, visitors hear an audio clip of Josephine recalling her mother's use of Linit to starch their clothes when she was a little girl. <br />
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Take our "<a href="http://tenement.org/tours.php">Hard Times</a>" tour to get a firsthand look at these objects in the Baldizzi apartment!<br />
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<em>-- Posted by Kira Garcia </em><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-16788465801110295402012-06-01T10:29:00.000-04:002012-06-01T10:29:22.075-04:00Will the Real Bridget Moore Please Stand Up?Recently, a group of our costumed interpreters gathered to trade notes on their experiences portraying Irish immigrant Bridget Moore, who resided at 97 Orchard Street in 1868. Our “Meet Bridget Moore” program was just launched this October as a way for school groups to learn the Moore family’s story as outsiders living at 97 Orchard Street. During this program, Kindergarten through sixth grade students meet a costumed interpreter portraying Bridget Moore while she is preparing for a housewarming party. Bridget tells students about her life and asks for suggestions about how to befriend her German neighbors.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Four "Bridgets" at work in the Moore apartment</em> </td></tr>
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To make the program richer and more engaging, our “Bridgets” pass around period household objects that would have been commonplace in the 19th century. This month, the group looked at some newly acquired era-appropriate objects and talked about how to use them while they’re in character. <br />
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This mechanical coffee grinder is a great example; it’s interesting looking and fun for kids to examine. But there’s a back story that informs how Bridget uses it on her tour. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Mechanical coffee grinders like these were used in the 19th century</em></td></tr>
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As early as 1810, coffee was available on many New York City menus, and thanks to the German influence, “coffee and cake” shops were good places to find cheap lunch in the mid-1860s. Port blockades in the Southern U.S. associated with the Civil War curbed New Yorkers’ access to coffee for a time. But by the time the Moores moved into 97 Orchard in 1868, the price had come back down. <br />
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We doubt that Bridget would have owned a coffee grinder like this one, since most Irish folks preferred tea rather than coffee. However, Bridget’s German neighbors may have had one since coffee was an important part of the German diet in the late 1860s. <br />
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As the “Bridgets” considered how to incorporate the coffee grinder into our program, they developed the interpretation that Bridget borrowed it from a neighbor so she could provide her German neighbors with something familiar at her party.<br />
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Becoming Bridget Moore is more complicated that putting on a wig and an apron—it requires an in-depth understanding of the world that Bridget lived in. By applying the historical context of objects to the life of Bridget Moore and her family, our costumed interpreters are better prepared to answer questions and provide a more immersive experience for visitors. <br />
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-- <em>Posted by Kira Garcia and Sarah Litvin</em>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-37714577819002764872012-05-31T16:11:00.001-04:002012-07-24T14:55:21.409-04:00Shop Life: A Glimpse of Our ProgressAs construction progresses on our "Shop Life" exhibit, the ground floor rooms at 97 Orchard Street are evolving day by day. This phase of construction isn't quite as dramatic as <a href="http://tenement-museum.blogspot.com/2012/04/more-urban-archaeology-at-97-orchard.html">others have been</a>, but they're still critical.<br />
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Believe it or not, there's a lot going on in this photograph of the new exhibit space:<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>This room will soon represent Caroline Schneider's kitchen</em></td></tr>
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To begin with: we've got a beautiful new chair rail around the walls, carefully crafted by Kevin Groves. Kevin has worked on Tenement Museum exhibits for many years. He pays close attention to detail, ensuring that everything he builds is beautiful and historically accurate. <br />
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The small rectangular cut-outs in the wall reveal snippets of the building's history; lines where partition walls once stood, and places where previous walls were attached to the brick structure. We use these "exposure windows" to give visitors glimpses of the building's past. <br />
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Why do we cover the brick at all? Though it's charming to the contemporary eye, exposed brick is very much a mid-to-late 20th century phenomenon. Originally, these spaces would have had painted plaster walls (just as the residential apartments upstairs did), so we're re-creating that aesthetic for "Shop Life". <br />
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The site of another big upcoming innovation also looks pretty humble these days:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgb-vTpOR5VjZLYE7eh8jw7Fo15H_SJnyzLVLzlIewZyRZVmAmVcocOFc_U1z8MMv5fMKei1kOfLUliF7QCp3LA2_4-H1QDBDBtpCr_BTlqSv7KxohEfrUhD4TF6CmMR5qrv-FQf41_Vnx/s1600/LIFT5.31.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgb-vTpOR5VjZLYE7eh8jw7Fo15H_SJnyzLVLzlIewZyRZVmAmVcocOFc_U1z8MMv5fMKei1kOfLUliF7QCp3LA2_4-H1QDBDBtpCr_BTlqSv7KxohEfrUhD4TF6CmMR5qrv-FQf41_Vnx/s400/LIFT5.31.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>The site of our future wheel chair lift</em><br />
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This is a photo of our rear yard, where we're preparing to install a new wheelchair lift. This exciting new addition will allow wheelchair users to access to "Shop Life"--the first wheelchair-accessible exhibit at 97 Orchard Street!<br />
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We'll keep you posted with further updates as work progresses on our new exhibit. <br />
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<em>-- Posted by Kira Garcia</em>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-17499582848674869642012-05-17T14:30:00.000-04:002012-07-24T14:55:36.969-04:00Re-creating Home Decor c.1872With construction of our "Shop Life" exhibit well underway, it's time to start thinking about interior design for the re-created home of John and Caroline Schneider. The Schneiders ran a German beer saloon at 97 Orchard Street and lived in a small apartment behind the commercial space. What did their home look like? Our Curator Pam Keech answers this question through the careful selection of paint, furnishings, and textiles for the space. <br />
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It's a bit more complicated than going to Home Depot to pick something pretty. As a first step, we worked with <a href="http://www.jbconservation.com/">Jablonski Building Corporation</a> to study the traces of interior finishes left behind in the building, in order to re-create them accurately. Tiny paint and wallpaper samples were examined under a microscope and dated, layer by layer, to gather the best possible information (we talk about this process on our <a href="http://www.tenement.org/tours.php">"Exploring 97 Orchard Street" tour</a>). <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLqYqhkzXsGeo00smYEDf5jVyxfi-shuIguOz-8PLJsHcQuP19OnEt_YzmoQFgvY0Foa2Qsk5tYYvHOfp5xbG-zSOggdQBflgEyYE-jB0gkmVefQMDiF9Y5pnQ3FOkzqIMnUMDfO-RN34k/s1600/paintsample2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLqYqhkzXsGeo00smYEDf5jVyxfi-shuIguOz-8PLJsHcQuP19OnEt_YzmoQFgvY0Foa2Qsk5tYYvHOfp5xbG-zSOggdQBflgEyYE-jB0gkmVefQMDiF9Y5pnQ3FOkzqIMnUMDfO-RN34k/s320/paintsample2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>A photomicrograph of a paint sample</em></td></tr>
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Because "Shop Life" will recreate the space as it appeared in 1872, we'll use paints that match the earliest found layers. For the back room, it's a light grayish olive colored base coat topped with a yellowish brown colored glaze.<br />
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Here's a peek at Pam's "finish schedule" for the kitchen and back room: <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgevi_xyVvq6SEcRpoFxOnB8Et56sDfxo8EgCzg9Oes-DnCnX7gTY1s7ngyrsb1pRr4rYgFfn9aTvtm5WC3VpAF1oKdav2yLCHKzFjROz9MoU17EZE702-kiwW0h1sdVje2QfxSC6q1TTP-/s1600/schneider2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgevi_xyVvq6SEcRpoFxOnB8Et56sDfxo8EgCzg9Oes-DnCnX7gTY1s7ngyrsb1pRr4rYgFfn9aTvtm5WC3VpAF1oKdav2yLCHKzFjROz9MoU17EZE702-kiwW0h1sdVje2QfxSC6q1TTP-/s320/schneider2.JPG" width="303" /></a></div>
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Pamela has also chosen a period-appropriate ingrain carpet and fabric for curtains. As was typical for the time, the building's wooden floors were intended to be covered with carpet. And curtains would have been essential for the Schneiders, since their ground-floor bedroom window looked out onto the building's backyard just a few feet from the privy stalls!<br />
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The black and red jacquard carpet and gold floral curtain fabric are a bold combination. "We didn't want to be too matchy-matchy," said Pamela, "It would be too precious."<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG7sdiakuL7KM6m1woK00hWbsE6f3P3I96-YJVr-u15p9mbmKToLuO7pZD5VgRWz63m1S4f-MRbp3umY8kwFi2jcciHsFdxG35HWPs3UOU3zso-wFYelpUCp9pjiqOUxoTRrKbSU0OJ2xu/s1600/schneider3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG7sdiakuL7KM6m1woK00hWbsE6f3P3I96-YJVr-u15p9mbmKToLuO7pZD5VgRWz63m1S4f-MRbp3umY8kwFi2jcciHsFdxG35HWPs3UOU3zso-wFYelpUCp9pjiqOUxoTRrKbSU0OJ2xu/s400/schneider3.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Carpet and curtain fabric samples</em></td></tr>
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We'll keep you updated as our design progresses for the "Shop Life" exhibit!<br />
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<em>--Posted by Kira Garcia</em> <br />
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</div>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-19465674095923007482012-05-15T12:44:00.003-04:002012-05-17T14:26:32.336-04:00Anachronists Just Wanna Have Fun!<span style="font-family: inherit;">Last month, the time-space continuum experienced a blip when two former residents of 97 Orchard Street packed their bags and
headed down to Delaware where they dined with George
Washington. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Let me explain: Last month, the </span><a href="http://www.alhfam.org/"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Association for Living History, Farm and Agricultural Museums</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> sponsored a First Person Interpreters retreat. My co-worker Jeffrey Marsh and I went to learn from others who portray people of the past. In addition to giving tours as 21st-century Educators, Jeffrey and I also work as costumed interpreters, portraying two former residents of our building. In these roles, we talk with visitors as they tour our recreated apartments. I portray Victoria Confino, (featured in </span><a href="http://www.tenement.org/tours.php"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Meet the Residents: Victoria Confino</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">), a teenaged Sephardic Jewish girl who lived at 97 Orchard Street from
1913 to 1916. And Jeffrey portrays Harris Levine, (featured in Live! At the Tenement) a garment shop owner who lived in our building from 1890 to 1905.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-GmH_1N_S0f-N_a3pqXhcBWVyUaV6UCF5Y9AxrevCb1hsC6jZUzmCZ616IL-eIvGhKYFAq4KSIQWWjMpCFyVVZDo_pqL5RKZu_ndUrWJn1Y1fTMR0ZFEDQcbMAw_EvB8EbidOMKw-DQIU/s1600/Vicki+Harris+Plane+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-GmH_1N_S0f-N_a3pqXhcBWVyUaV6UCF5Y9AxrevCb1hsC6jZUzmCZ616IL-eIvGhKYFAq4KSIQWWjMpCFyVVZDo_pqL5RKZu_ndUrWJn1Y1fTMR0ZFEDQcbMAw_EvB8EbidOMKw-DQIU/s320/Vicki+Harris+Plane+2.jpg" width="311" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Sarah Litvin as Victoria Confino and Jeffrey Marsh as Harris Levine</span></em></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The retreat included sixty participants from across the country, both volunteers
and paid professionals. Some portray real historic personages , others play composite characters
created to give a sense of the period. The retreat helped us improve our abilities to create accurate, believable,
empathetic characters to foster connections with visitors. Workshop topics included storytelling, tackling taboo topics, movement in character, and incorporating a character’s religious worldview. It was
fascinating to learn about the challenges of portraying other characters at
different sites, as well as the strengths of our programs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It turns out our program structure is
pretty unique in that our visitors are given a role to play in their interaction. For example, in our "Meet Victoria" tour,
visitors play the part of a family of newly arrived immigrants. In "Live!
At the Tenement", visitors play newspaper reporters on the lifestyle
beat. These roles help visitors feel more comfortable during the interaction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">On Saturday night, we gathered for a banquet
at the Air Command Museum in Dover. All attendees came
dressed in character: George
Washington sat next to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Lydia Maria Child</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">, who sat next to Harris Levine!
Many participants made their own detailed costumes, using complex historic
patterns. It was a fun event, and yet I couldn’t help shake the feeling, as
George Washington handed me the sweet potato delight, that the real Victoria
Confino would think me awfully strange. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">If this sounds interesting, check out what our
colleagues are up to! Here is a </span><a href="http://prweb0.voicenet.com/~frstprsn/alhfam/fpsites.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">list of the
sites that offer First Person Interpreted programs</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span><br />
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<em>-- Posted by Education Associate Sarah Litvin</em>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-75015111507028206602012-05-10T12:01:00.000-04:002012-05-10T12:01:40.183-04:00Notes on the History of Mother's DayMother's Day is just around the corner. How did this tradition begin? Surprisingly, its origins have nothing to do with flower arrangements or breakfast in bed. In fact, the holiday originally carried a serious social message. <br />
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Mother's Day was conceived in 1870 by abolitionist, activist and poet Julia Ward Howe. Born in 1819, Howe was an accomplished writer who penned "the Battle Hymn of the Republic," among many other songs and poems. In 1908, she became the first woman nominated to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. She also campaigned for women's suffrage, though she passed away in 1910--a decade before the passage of the 19th amendment which granted women the right to vote. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Julia Ward Howe; Image courtesy New York Public Library</em> </td></tr>
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Howe's "Mother's Day Proclamation" was an anti-war treatise written in response to American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War. Because so many mothers lost sons and husbands in these conflicts, Howe felt they should speak out against war. <br />
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Though Mother's Day has changed a lot over the last century, Howe's proclamation is still powerful:<br />
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<em>Arise, then, women of this day!<br />Arise all women who have hearts,</em><br />
<em>Whether your baptism be that of water or of tears</em><br />
<em>Say firmly:</em><br />
<em> </em><br />
<em>"We will not have great questions decided by irrelevant agencies,</em><br />
<em>Our husbands shall not come to us reeking of carnage,</em><br />
<em>For caresses and applause.</em><br />
<em>Our sons shall not be taken from us to unlearn</em><br />
<em>All that we have been able to teach them of </em><br />
<em>charity, mercy and patience.</em><br />
<em> </em><br />
<em>"We women of one country</em><br />
<em>Will be too tender of those of another country</em><br />
<em>To allow our sons to be trained to injure theirs."</em><br />
<em> </em><br />
<em>From the bosom of the devastated earth a voice goes up with </em><br />
<em>Our own. It says, "Disarm, Disarm!"</em><br />
<em>The sword of murder is not the balance of justice!</em><br />
<em>Blood does not wipe out dishonor</em><br />
<em>Nor violence indicate possession.</em><br />
<em>As men have of ten forsaken the plow and the anvil at the summons of war.</em><br />
<em> </em><br />
<em>Let women now leave all that may be left of home</em><br />
<em>For a great and earnest day of counsel.</em><br />
<em> </em><br />
<em>Let them meet first, as women, to bewail and commemorate the dead.</em><br />
<em> </em><br />
<em>Let them then solemnly take counsel with each other as to the means</em><br />
<em>Whereby the great human family can live in peace,</em><br />
<em>Each bearing after his own time the sacred impress, not of Caesar,</em><br />
<em>But of God.</em><br />
<em> </em><br />
<em>In the name of womanhood and humanity, I earnestly ask</em><br />
<em>That a general congress of women without limit of nationality</em><br />
<em>May be appointed and held at some place deemed most convenient</em><br />
<em>And at the earliest period consistent with its objects</em><br />
<em>To promote the alliance of the different nationalities,</em><br />
<em>The amicable settlement of international questions.</em><br />
<em>The great and general interests of peace.</em><br />
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--Posted by Kira GarciaTenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-31214420076151925702012-05-08T13:31:00.000-04:002012-05-08T13:33:04.184-04:00"We do what we do because history matters"Straight to the point, peeps, here’s the deal:
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.tenement.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Lower East Tenement
Museum </span></a></span>alongside 39 other hopefuls is fiercely competing for the Partners in Preservation ("PIP") prize of over $200,000 for restoration needs. Voting is 100% free!
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Go <span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/PartnersinPreservation"><span style="color: blue;">here</span></a></span>.
Or <span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://partnersinpreservation.com/"><span style="color: blue;">here</span></a></span>.
Login with your Facebook or if you don’t have one (G-d bless your willpower to hold out) you can create a Partners in Preservation login.
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Our Lady of Orchard Street (I am pretty sure no one else calls her that, but it's catchy) a.k.a 97 Orchard is up against the Guggenheim, Ellis Island and the Central Park Conservancy's Cleopatra's Needle.
'Cause that's fair. Yea, yea , life isn't fair, but this is a democracy!
You have a vote! In fact, you have one vote every single day until May 21! Votes= a voice and my voice wants to shout to the heavens why I love 97 Orchard.
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Our Beloved Tenement</em></td></tr>
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Like all love stories, let's begin once upon a time...there was a man named Lucas Glockner. An immigrant himself, Lucas decided to enhance Kleindeutschland by building a home for immigrants on New York’s Lower East Side. It was one of many five story walk-ups that would become known as tenements and without giving away an entire tour here, the building that Lucas built in 1863 would become home to more than 7,000 immigrants from over 23 countries.
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Jumping forward 72 years, 97 Orchard shut its doors to residents in 1935 for a variety of reasons and I’d love to tell you all of them when you come on a tour, but for now let’s just say that it was fate.
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For in 1988, the co- founders of our museum, Ruth Abram and Anita Jacobsen happened upon a basement storefront that was “For Rent”. Little did they know that the apartments upstairs were sitting dormant save for one or two being used as storage. When that gem revealed itself, the Lower East Side Tenement Museum was born and with it, the preservation of a LES Tenement and the resurgence of contemporary tolerance for immigration through historical perspective because we are ALL immigrants. Yes, all of us.
Check out your family tree if you don't believe me.
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Anywho- inside 97, different time periods have been preserved, restored and recreated throughout much of our beloved building, but on each floor, we've left one or more apartments in a state of ruin. We call them "the Ruin apartments" and it is they that need your help. You can see for yourselves in the pictures below.
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>A ruin apartment at 97 Orchard Street</em></td></tr>
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Check this out: In a ruin on the 4th floor- one of 97's tenants, Ruth Katz decided to write her name on the wall somewhere around 1930. Pretty sure that's priceless and worth saving.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKYfov1H3_CRW1sf-V55XZKRF_g0mHBM9UktwKdm6VSc9WAyNNK_WpcBMGInDsHEMf3eQlmqDFpXXxCesvLOf9PV2-eNxMs7OkJck0u60TlKwi24ilO1k1nOGUWC6kegZLtqnq870Oye9Q/s1600/AS2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKYfov1H3_CRW1sf-V55XZKRF_g0mHBM9UktwKdm6VSc9WAyNNK_WpcBMGInDsHEMf3eQlmqDFpXXxCesvLOf9PV2-eNxMs7OkJck0u60TlKwi24ilO1k1nOGUWC6kegZLtqnq870Oye9Q/s320/AS2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Graffitti at 97 Orchard Street</em></td></tr>
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Fact: in addition to being Bowery Boogie's resident historian- for the past almost 6 years (holy moly) I have been an Educator at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum. Thus, the love affair. I LOVE IT HERE as do all of my fellow Educators. We do what we do because history matters. This place matters.
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I'm writing to you simultaneously from the Tenement and Bowery Boogie because they are a match made by Lower East Side yenta and because I possess magical powers.
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Fact: There are three other LES sites competing in PIP. If you spread out your voting we can mastermind an LES sweep and take top 4! Seriously, I'm good with that.
If you need some more inspiration and background as to why you need to VOTE for an LES site once a day (but mostly the Tenement) every day until May 21, I am happy to oblige. <br />
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Blogger Heather Clawson of <a href="http://habituallychic.blogspot.com/">Habitually Chic</a> was chosen as an ambassador by PIP. She says:
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"Great architecture and old buildings are one of my big passions so when I was contacted by Partners in Preservation about becoming a blogger ambassador, I immediately said yes. American Express and The National Trust for Historic Preservation have come together for a community-based initiative to raise awareness of the importance of historic places... As part of my duties, I was asked to visit some sites and blog about them to help spread the word. When I looked at the list, my first choice of places to highlight was The Tenement Museum on the Lower East Side. It had been on my "to do" list for a while so this seemed like the perfect time to visit."
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Heather, you got more pictures in one visit than I've managed to sneak (kidding) in my entire tenure. Nicely done! Time to share!
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghm293fJDLDP2jnrk5X98TyU3yfj8Xgr-W7CbtWTCVrjXfqT86yaZlWWnjctQ008m7aCo9bgIPLUu-lOA_tJyc65QrNmgrRXUOt6orflIs_ob-ZUE2fKfYm4mNGEcVDd3YwHaIyTgJSlcC/s1600/AS3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghm293fJDLDP2jnrk5X98TyU3yfj8Xgr-W7CbtWTCVrjXfqT86yaZlWWnjctQ008m7aCo9bgIPLUu-lOA_tJyc65QrNmgrRXUOt6orflIs_ob-ZUE2fKfYm4mNGEcVDd3YwHaIyTgJSlcC/s320/AS3.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Image Courtesy Habitually Chic</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Image Courtesy Habitually Chic</em></td></tr>
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If you aren't yet grasping the gravity of why we need to preserve the ruin apartments let me put it to you this way: what would Greece be without its ruins? Italy? Turkey? Tombstone? (what? I totally went to college in Arizona, it counts).
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2BwicME60-IPpniL9BrouMAGCQT0Mm1mkv493M9DLywkHZgRkn4OClrP_AJonkPAxl6aJqGuPIOp7tVRI3i1XYptlH0Abp30kWa8upZBJGUjBtYaYIzy4skT1httYERJDXp-T17ctViuT/s1600/AS6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2BwicME60-IPpniL9BrouMAGCQT0Mm1mkv493M9DLywkHZgRkn4OClrP_AJonkPAxl6aJqGuPIOp7tVRI3i1XYptlH0Abp30kWa8upZBJGUjBtYaYIzy4skT1httYERJDXp-T17ctViuT/s320/AS6.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Image Courtesy Habitually Chic</em></td></tr>
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Help us and we will help you back by continuing to offer tantalizing, educational, inspirational and passionate tours to you every single day (except Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's).
For the sweep, vote Henry Street Settlement, St. Mark's in-the-Bowery which I literally, just wrote about and DMAC (Duo Multicultural Arts Center on East. 4th)
Thank you in advance. <br />
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I know you won't let us down--and by us I mean the Tenement Museum and the Lower East Side.
Bless up!<br />
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--<i>Posted by Educator Allison B. Siegel </i>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-77493029929084833042012-05-04T14:42:00.001-04:002012-07-24T14:54:10.053-04:0097 Orchard Street's Smallest ArtifactsWe've recently shown you some of the <a href="http://tenement-museum.blogspot.com/2012/04/more-urban-archaeology-at-97-orchard.html">more unusual finds</a> we've excavated from the long-sealed fireplaces at 97 Orchard Street. Some of the larger objects we've uncovered--like a toy wagon wheel and a cigarette machine sign--were pretty hard to overlook. But smaller items were buried in piles of rubble, ash and debris that had accumulated in the fireplaces.
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Fishing these small artifacts out involves a careful process of sorting and sifting. The debris from each site is bagged and tagged with its source, then carefully sifted to find any remaining evidence of the building's history. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisB7p0Sz22oC89HRHb8h__7cEMGIS6G57lVH7b9ipo4uXwzB8j5M68lmt3muKd2YnDxm50hrf_NqXnxwGoz4fUPe8lSFhlGsDm3Ff5Uiv4sHEU-rNVaTZjM9_h33e1hKq_MuDPQTh-DoeM/s1600/sifting1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisB7p0Sz22oC89HRHb8h__7cEMGIS6G57lVH7b9ipo4uXwzB8j5M68lmt3muKd2YnDxm50hrf_NqXnxwGoz4fUPe8lSFhlGsDm3Ff5Uiv4sHEU-rNVaTZjM9_h33e1hKq_MuDPQTh-DoeM/s400/sifting1.jpg" width="296" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Sifting through the debris</em></td></tr>
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This dusty work pays off when little treasures are revealed, including a tiny doll's arm and a toy ceramic dish. These small artifacts may seem insignificant, but they help us tell the larger story of the residents who once called our building home. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsP3ycc8QfjZqLf2NC7bTJX32T-cbbL0YHDUgxb5EZGJ-esRCHu_z3md-e-L5PkeV5zexpbX6lmzJ4HdSPXUq0-qkBf6K9Sab7Aji5e8jPvlAdvSGb1emdu35DkA-EJhqlgY6gjoJK7KuU/s1600/doll_arm.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsP3ycc8QfjZqLf2NC7bTJX32T-cbbL0YHDUgxb5EZGJ-esRCHu_z3md-e-L5PkeV5zexpbX6lmzJ4HdSPXUq0-qkBf6K9Sab7Aji5e8jPvlAdvSGb1emdu35DkA-EJhqlgY6gjoJK7KuU/s400/doll_arm.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>This arm seems unrelated to the <a href="http://tenement-museum.blogspot.com/2012/04/cache-of-relics-revealed-during-shop.html">doll's head</a> we unearthed earlier. </em></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Was this bowl left behind from a doll's tea party?</em> </td></tr>
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<em>-- Posted by Kira Garcia</em></div>
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</div>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3742591784346076543.post-22477236114545145012012-05-01T13:05:00.000-04:002012-05-02T12:17:20.150-04:00What the Other Half Paid: Part Two<em>This is the second of two posts by author Thai Jones exploring the history of
how working New Yorkers have struggled--and fought--to make ends meet. Thai will
join us for a <a href="http://www.tenement.org/vizcenter_events.php"><span style="color: #3399bb;">Tenement
Talk on May 3</span></a> to discuss his book "More Powerful Than Dynamite: Radicals,
Plutocrats, Progressives, and New York's Year of Anarchy"</em><br />
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<strong>“The Tyranny of Rents”: Housing Prices</strong><br />
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In the nineteenth century – as now – New York City was among the most expensive housing markets in the nation, and lodging costs were another perennial cause of distress.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5sOdH91gNKANgcB-vjcLUBqTGyyzRpOjIq8JUSJis-KGyj_qd_8tBB0bgwthzyIRVLquLExUoxZOGu6LtEhXh18BTZxTxSq5doMFG-ovvMtBzuSSOED74y95k2eolOn0Tx85RmboaF6Cm/s1600/eviction.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5sOdH91gNKANgcB-vjcLUBqTGyyzRpOjIq8JUSJis-KGyj_qd_8tBB0bgwthzyIRVLquLExUoxZOGu6LtEhXh18BTZxTxSq5doMFG-ovvMtBzuSSOED74y95k2eolOn0Tx85RmboaF6Cm/s400/eviction.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>A New York family is evicted c.1910; Image courtesy Library of Congress</em></td></tr>
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“Perhaps there is no more certain index of the prosperity of people of all classes,” a real estate expert wrote in the aftermath of the financial panic of 1873, “than may be found in the amounts paid by them for house-rents.” The recession had affected everyone, even the wealthiest residents. Affluent families who had formerly paid $5,000 a year in rent moved to homes that cost $2,000. A four-story brownstone on Madison Avenue near 25th Street that had rented for $6,500 before the crash was going for half as much in 1875. <br />
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By the start of the twentieth century, a prosperous young couple just starting out in life could expect to spend $27 a month for “good, airy, though small, apartments.” But – a society advice columnist warned – it didn’t pay to go lower than that. “Your American cannot go much under $20 a month,” she explained, without coming down to a type of apartments as odoriferous of soap suds and cabbage as the east side is of onions.” <br />
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The poorer residents of the city had long discussed “the tyranny of rents” in a far more dire tone. On average, they paid $10 a week for housing in the early 20th century “The poor may buy less food and suffer more,” explained a City official. “But there is no escape from rent. They must pay the rent or be turned out.” <br />
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When rents soared too high, working families organized mass rent strikes: refusing to pay exorbitant rates and demanding reductions and rent controls. In 1907 – at the height of the movement – hundreds of women paid house calls to encourage others to withhold payment; as a result fifty thousand families refused to pay, and thousands won reductions from anxious landlords. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Women discussing a rent strike on New York's East Side c.1910; Image Courtesy Library of Congress</em></td></tr>
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<strong>“What is a Fair Living Wage?”: Calculating the Cost of Living</strong><br />
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Journalists, social scientists, and philanthropists spent decades examining these conditions and postulating solutions. Attempts to tabulate and quantify the “cost of living” were made in an effort to establish a fair living wage.<br />
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In 1881, experts estimated that $1,000 a year – the starting salary for a policeman at the time – could support a family in New York. A decade later, in 1892, the Wall Street Journal tallied typical wages, reporting that bakers earned $12.25 for a six-day week. Blacksmiths, machinists, carpenters, and other tradesmen averaged between $12 and $18. Unskilled laborers brought home a scant $10.50. None of these trades, in other words, was bringing in enough income to approach the $1,000-a-year mark that reformers had recommended. <br />
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Although male breadwinners continuously demanded wages high enough to support their families, that ideal was far from reality. Working-class wives had to work. A Bureau of Labor report revealed them “engaged in 842 different callings, including the making of artificial flowers, awnings and tents, bookbinding, cigars, printing offices, etc.” Of course, the wages for laboring women were less than those of their male counterparts. The national average in 1889 was measured at $5.24 a week, but most women earned less. Housemaids were paid about $4 per week; manufacturers of artificial flowers made $3.25; and the starting salary for workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was $1.50. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijUD05KbpXt5V72tBzbrv7bMTF3B1czVNxmsuheIeM_cvWs4IcEGNFgfQy-vJiQbCV9ABnwJM7eOv-bX3WgoBvhVZN5kVG9tZjWoiN0hg3-9bXD9EOol-I6XU0R0hmY2PGN8DSmd2meJhK/s1600/cigar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijUD05KbpXt5V72tBzbrv7bMTF3B1czVNxmsuheIeM_cvWs4IcEGNFgfQy-vJiQbCV9ABnwJM7eOv-bX3WgoBvhVZN5kVG9tZjWoiN0hg3-9bXD9EOol-I6XU0R0hmY2PGN8DSmd2meJhK/s400/cigar.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>At work making cigars c.1909; Image Courtesy New York Public Library</em></td></tr>
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In 1902, the New York Bureau of Labor Statistics decided that $520 a year was the lowest income to allow for subsistence, though that was “hardly adequate.” This was too meager, replied a spokesman for organized labor, who suggested that even $600 was “insufficient to maintain a proper standard of living in New York City.” In 1914, the New York Times estimated that “an income of between $1,100 and $1,200 is probably necessary for an average family to maintain unaided a normal standard of living … and proper conditions of family life.” By then, however, the average wage for men had fallen to $10.17 a week.<br />
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Despite building codes and pure-food laws, the general plight of the city’s people seemed to be getting steadily bleaker. In 1912, the head of New York’s largest charity organization remarked, “if the cost of living increases without a corresponding increase in earnings, the term ‘poor’ must embrace a larger group each year.” <br />
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The metropolis had made enormous progress in half a century. “The great transit system of the three boroughs has annihilated distance,” a reporter wrote in 1907, “so that houses twelve miles away from City Hall are nearer to it in point of time than were Brooklyn dwellings three miles distant a dozen years ago.” Rising into the ranks of the middle class no longer seemed like an outright impossibility as second- and third-generation immigrants began to move from the Lower East Side to Upper Manhattan and the outer boroughs. But for the laboring majority, the basic equation of income and expenditures remained depressingly consistent. In 1913 as in 1863, New York City was still a challenging place to feed a family and make a home. <br />
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<em>-- Posted by Thai Jones</em>Tenement Museumhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09979771778273094100noreply@blogger.com1